🧬 Class 12 Biology (NEET) - Chapter-wise Study Material
1️⃣ Genetics and Evolution
- Mendelian Genetics – Laws of Inheritance
- Chromosomal Theory and Sex Determination
- DNA, RNA Structure and Functions
- Human Genome Project & Evolution Theories
Example Q: Define Law of Independent Assortment. Use dihybrid cross to explain.
Key Concept: Traits assort independently when genes are located on different chromosomes.
2️⃣ Biotechnology
- Principles of Genetic Engineering
- Tools: Restriction Enzymes, Vectors
- Processes: Cloning, PCR, Recombinant DNA
- Applications in Medicine and Agriculture
Example Q: Explain steps in PCR.
Answer: Denaturation → Annealing → Extension using DNA polymerase.
3️⃣ Human Reproduction
- Male and Female Reproductive Systems
- Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis
- Fertilization, Implantation, Pregnancy
- Embryonic Development & Hormonal Control
Example Q: Describe stages of spermatogenesis.
Answer: Spermatogonia → Primary spermatocyte → Secondary spermatocyte → Spermatid → Spermatozoa
4️⃣ Reproductive Health
- Contraceptive Methods
- STDs and their Prevention
- Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
Example Q: What is MTP? When is it legally permitted?
Answer: MTP refers to abortion of pregnancy under legal conditions before 20 weeks for health or ethical reasons.
5️⃣ Ecology
- Organisms and Environment
- Population, Ecosystems, Biodiversity
- Pollution and Climate Change
- Sustainable Management and Conservation
Example Q: Describe food chain and food web. How are they different?
Answer: Food chain is linear, food web is interconnected. Web is more stable ecologically.